R Tutorial | Learn R Programming - GeeksforGeeks (2025)

R is an interpreted programming language widely used for statistical computing, data analysis and visualization. R language is open-source with large community support. R provides structured approach to data manipulation, along with decent libraries and packages like Dplyr, Ggplot2, shiny, Janitor and more.

Hello World Program in R Language

Here is an example of the first Hello World program in R Programming Language. To print in R language you just need to use a Print function.

# Codeprint("Hello World!")

Output

Hello World!

Why Learn R?

Learning R is a smart choice for anyone working with data due to its powerful statistical and graphical capabilities. It’s widely used in academia and industry, backed by a large, active community and a vast library of packages. R excels at data manipulation, analysis, and creating high-quality visual reports.

Installation and Setup

In this section, we will explore the steps to install and set up R and RStudio on your system. We'll also cover the necessary configurations to get started with writing and executing R code.

• Installing R Studio on Windows and Linux?
• Creation and Execution of R File in R Studio
• Introduction to R Studio

Fundamentals of R

In this section, we will cover the basic concepts and syntax of R programming. This will include understanding variables, data types, and basic operations that form the foundation of programming in R.

• R Programming Language
• Basic Syntax
• Comments
• Operators
• Keywords
• Data Types
• Variables

Data Structures

In this section, we will the core cover data structures in R, such as vectors, lists, matrices, data frames, and arrays. We will explain how to use and manipulate these structures to store and process data effectively.

• Data Structures
• Vectors
• Lists
• Matrices
• Data Frames
• Arrays
• Factors
• Strings

Control Flow

In this section, we will learn about control flow mechanisms in R, including conditional statements (if, else) and looping structures (for, while). These concepts allow you to control the flow of execution in your programs.

• Decision Making
• Loops (for, while, repeat)

Functions and Object Oriented Programming

In this section, we will discuss the creation and use of functions in R for modular and reusable code. Additionally, we will touch on Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) in R, exploring the basics of class creation and inheritance.

• Functions
• Object-Oriented Programming
• Classes
• Objects
• Encapsulation
• Polymorphism
• Inheritance
• Abstraction

File and Error Handling

In this section, we will focus on reading from and writing to files in R, such as text, CSV, and other formats. We will also cover error handling techniques to ensure that your code runs smoothly and handles exceptions effectively

• File Handling
• Data Handling
• Error Handling

Data Visualization

In this section, we will explore how to visualize data in R using various plotting techniques. We will introduce popular visualization libraries like ggplot2 and cover how to create different types of charts, including histograms, bar charts, and scatter plots.

• Data Visualization
• Bar Charts
• Line Graphs
• Histograms
• Pie Charts
• Scatter plots
• Heatmap

Statistics, Data Science and Machine Learning

In this section, we will dive into the statistical methods and machine learning algorithms that R offers. We will explore common statistical tests, regression models, and machine learning workflows to analyze and model data.

• Statistics
• Mean, Median, and Mode
• Average, Variance, and Standard Deviation
• R Data Science Tutorial
• Machine Learning
• Machine learning Tutorial In R

Popular Packages in R

In this section, we will highlight some of the most commonly used R packages that extend its functionality. We'll introduce libraries such as dplyr, ggplot2, caret, and others to help you streamline your data analysis and visualization tasks.

• Packages
• Top 15 Packages in R
• Tidyverse Packages

Projects In R

In this section, we will discuss the practical application of R by building projects. These hands-on examples will help you apply the concepts you've learned and deepen your understanding of R in real-world scenarios.

1. Beginner R Projects
2. Advanced R Projects
3. 30+ R projects

Applications of R Programming Language

R is widely used across many industries due to its strong capabilities in data analysis and visualization. Some key applications include:

• Data Analysis and Statistics: R is widely used for statistical analysis and modeling with built-in functions and packages that simplify complex computations.
• Data Visualization: With libraries like ggplot2 and lattice, R enables creation of detailed and customizable charts and graphs for effective data presentation.
• Data Cleaning and Preparation: R provides tools to import, clean, and transform data from various sources, making it ready for analysis.
• Machine Learning and Data Science: R supports machine learning through packages such as caret, randomForest, and xgboost, helping build predictive models.
• Reporting and Reproducible Research: Tools like R Markdown and knitr allow dynamic report generation and sharing of reproducible data analyses.
• Bioinformatics and Healthcare: R is commonly used to analyze biological and clinical data in genomics and medical research.
• Finance and Insurance: R is used for risk analysis, portfolio management, and actuarial modeling in financial industries.
• Interactive Web Applications: Frameworks like Shiny enable building interactive web apps directly from R for data visualization and dashboards.